Topics and Issues

A topic is a large but defined body of information. A topic (e.g., “nuclear weapons”) is smaller than a subject area (e.g., “military power”) but, of course, larger than a sub-topic (e.g., “nuclear cruise missiles”). Note that topics are essentially categorical, since they are defined in terms of hierarchical inclusiveness. Note also that topics can be expressed in simple noun phrases.

An issue, on the other hand, can only be expresses as a full proposition—a sentence—and is defined not categorically but rhetorically: An issue is a statement or questions that will divide the opinion of a competent audience. While a topic can be talked about in a relatively unfocused manner, an issue requires that discourse, or discussion participants take clear positions supported by rational arguments or analysis. Even a sub-topic can contain scores of potential issues.

The following examples illustrate both issues and non-issues.

1.     “Nuclear weapons.”

This utterance is not an issue since it is not a proposition; a discourse participant can neither agree nor disagree with these words nor take any position on them.

2.     “U.S. nuclear weapons are based in Europe.”

This assertion is not an issue since it will not divide a competent audience. Agreement with this statement would be so nearly universal as to preclude further discussion. In essence, this proposition is taken as a statement of fact, and while such statements have a role in resolving issues they cannot themselves serve to define an issue.

3.     “More U.S. weapons should be based in Europe.”

This assertion is an issue since it will divide a competent audience in most relevant discourse communities. Discourse participants can agree or disagree with the statement and can take stances on it supported with various rationales.

4.     “Nuclear weapons are bad.”

This is at best weak issue, and genuine discourse on it would be problematic for two reasons: most people would tend to agree with the sentiment it expresses (obviating or precluding discussion) and the proposition is so general as to make focused support for a clear position unlikely.